Bay Of Pigs (10 Pages) Essays - CubaUnited States Relations

Bay Of Pigs (10 Pages) B A Y O F P I G S The story of the failed invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs, which is located on the south coast of Cuba about 97 miles southeast of Havanna, was one of mismanagement, poor judgment, and stupidity (?Bay of Pigs? 378). The blame for the failed invasion falls directly on the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) and a young president by the name of John F. Kennedy. The whole intention of the invasion was to assault communist Cuba and put an end to Fidel Castro. Ironically, thirty-nine years after the Bay of Pigs, Fidel Castro is still in power. First, it is necessary to look at why the invasion happened and then why it did not work. From the end of World War II until the mid-eighties, most Americans could agree that communism was the enemy. Communism wanted to destroy our way of life and corrupt the freest country in the world. Communism is an economic system in which one person or a group of people are in control. The main purpose of communism is to make the social and economic status of all individuals the same. It abolishes the inequalities in possession of property and distributes wealth equally to all. The main problem with this is that one person who is very wealthy can be stripped of most of his wealth so that another person can have more material goods and be his equal. The main reason for the Bay of Pigs attack on Cuba was the change to communism. On January 1, 1959, Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista fled the country for the safety of the Dominican Republic (Goode, Stephen 75). Fidel Castro and his guerrilla warriors overthrew the old government dictated by Batista. During the next couple of weeks, Castro established a new government and on February 16, he was officially declared premier (Finkelstein, Norman H. 127). The United States accepted this new regime as a relief from the harsh, corrupt, and unpopular government of Batista. Soon after everything settled down, Castro and his men made a rapid move to change their political course. He announced his transformation to Marxism-Leninism and avowed his friendship with the Soviet Union (Goode, Stephen 75). These events upset the United States and there were concerns about Castro becoming too powerful. One reason was the friendship with the Soviet Union because Cuba was receiving armed forces to expand and improve its army. Cuba received 30,000 tons of arms a year, which included Soviet JS-2 51-ton tanks, SU-100 assault guns, T-34 35-ton tanks, 76-mm field guns, 85-mm field guns, and 122-mm field guns (Goode, Stephen 75L). Fidel Castro took great pride in the armed forces. He expanded the ground forces from 250,000 to 400,000 troops. These figures put one out of every thirty Cubans in the armed forces, compared to one out of every sixty Americans (Goode, Stephen 76). Castro and communist Cuba was generating a military establishment ten times larger than that of Batista's. Castro put together the best army any Latin American country had ever had (Goode, Stephen 76). Analysts in Washington were frightened by this news. They were getting scared that Cuba might try to attack the United States with Soviet missiles and missile launchers. Also, they were afraid that Castro might attack other Latin American countries. Both scenarios were not welcome in the United States, and the downfall of Castro and the Cuban government became the top priority of the CIA (Goode, Stephen 76). There were many Cubans that did not like Castro. They flocked to the United States in order to escape communism. These people were known as Cuban exiles (Goode, Stephen 76). On March 17, 1960, the CIA and President Eisenhower got together and discussed the situation going on in Cuba. They decided to arm and train these Cuban exiles for guerrilla warfare against Cuba (Goode, Stephen 76M). In November 1960, John F. Kennedy was elected president. Upon his election, he was informed of the Cuban crisis and after being presented with the facts, he approved the invasion. Many plans for the invasion were recognized, but the best one came from Richard Bissel. He describes his plan in a book entitled, CIA. ?The plan that was finally accepted was a more complex and larger version of the operation seven years earlier in Guatemala. A force of Cuban exiles was to secure a beachhead on Cuba's coastline while a fleet of B-26's, the most powerful war fighting plane, was to put Castro's air force out of commission and disrupt transportation and communication lines (Fursenko, Aleksandr, and Timothy Naftali 95). Once the beachhead had been

Joy Luck Club-Magpies Summary essays

Joy Luck Club-Magpies Summary essays The story starts with An-mei Hsu talking about her daughters (Rose Hsu Jordan) troubled marriage and how its starting to fall apart. Rose thinks she is severely suffering and all she can do is lie down on a psychiatrists couch squeezing tears out of shame. This triggers powerful memories for An-mei Hsu who gradually starts to remember her own past. Now she sees herself in her daughters pain and remembers what she tried to conceal. Only her tears were generated by more than just shame. Sixty years ago, An-mei remembers seeing her mother for the first time. Popo (grandmother) had sent her mother away because she had dishonored her family and her widowhood by becoming the third concubine to a rich man. It was only when An-mei was nine years old and her grandmother was terminally ill (and eventually died) that Mother came back to take care of Popo, and An-mei finally realized her mother was not as evil as her aunt, uncle and Popo had portrayed her to be. After caring for Popo and after many arguments with her brother Mother finally managed to take her daughter back to Tientsin where she lived with her rich husband and his other wives. Life in Tientsin was very comfortable. Foreign luxuries from boiled peanuts to elegant Victorian dresses were introduced to An-mei. She lived in a spacious new house with her mother and many servants and did not question her happiness. Soon the Fifth wife (a young beautiful woman) arrived home with Wu Tsing (the husband of all five wives) and, while everything seemed peaceful, it was not. Her mothers position was low and shameful, as a fourth wife is less than a fifth. The Second wife (Big Mother) and Third wife, their children and servants returned home to Tientsin. Big mother had a son named Syaudi who now became An-meis smallest brother and Third wife had three daughters who became An-meis sisters. ...

Outline and critique the main themes in martin luther kings Jr.s Essay

Outline and critique the main themes in martin luther kings Jr.s theology. can it inspire the contemporay church to be a 'voice of conscience' in society today - Essay Example Other than the colored church traditions, King sought from other intellectual sources to back up his noble course of liberating his people from oppression. National and international public figures like Mahatma Gandhi and Thoreau inspired him with their individual philosophies. He borrowed the nonaggressive protest tradition that the two advocated. He also gave secular interactionism a chance, alongside protestant liberalism in an attempt to have in place a harmonized approach of theology amid struggle for equality. It’s apparent that the key hindrance to Martin King talented theologian is the narrow, shallow, elitist, and racist definition of theology. These flaws restricts its methods and subject matter to problems and issues that other races tend to identify. King at all times steered from the front. He passionately sought to transform all the forms of oppression in his society. He aspired to establish a fair and a nondiscriminatory society. Thus, it is possible to analyze his involvement with such events as the famous successful Montgomery bus boycott (1953-56). In addition to the defeat in Albany (1961), the Birmingham demonstrations(1963), the Sejma March for goring rights (1965) and his encounter with racism in Chicago (1966). Moreover, Kings had dialogue with black power advocates during and after the Meredith Mississippi March (1966). He arranged the preparation for Poor Peoples March on Washington (1967), had a stand against the Vietnam War (1967-68), and had his last march with garbage workers in Memphis (1968). Martin King was keen not to restrict his theological pursuit to the afflictions of one minority group. As much as his initial drive was motivated by the oppression of the black, his theological vision was diverse and in fact, universal. He targeted the entire humanity as he thought of the brown Vietnamese

What is the Roman Republic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What is the Roman Republic - Essay Example This class of people controlled nearly all religious offices plus issued partum auctoritas (final assent) to some of the decisions passed by the Roman assemblies. The rich had more influence on politics at that time. However, in staying in a Roman Republic and still subjected to injustice just like the eras of Kings, the poorer Roman citizens were not happy with how the current government became ran. Due to unfair distribution of land and debts, the plebians (poorer Roman citizens) became prompted to form their own assemblies and withdraw from certain city-states. The plebians principal demands remained debt relief plus equitable distribution of conquered territory to Roman citizens. In 287 B.C., wealthier, land rich plebians managed to achieve political equality to the patricians with the Conflict of orders in place. Hence, there was a rebirth of the political system consisting of plebians and patricians, a power-sharing partnership which remained up to the late 1st century B.C. The Republic had a government running it. The government had three main parts: The consuls, the assemblies and the senate. Rome managed to grow and become a metroplolis consisting of a capital city and vast conquered territory. Roman Republic had provinciae (administered territories) outside Italy like Spain, Sicily, Sardinia, and many others. As the new government acquired more wealth, so did the Roman citizens benefit. The Republic had a strong Army in place responsible for winning many battles and acquiring new territories. With Roman soldiers winning more battles and getting rewarded more, they became more loyal to their generals than the state. During the same period, Rome became increasingly plagued by many slave uprisings since they were the majority and covered most lands. Between 135-71B.C., there were 3 ‘servile wars’ that involved slaves against the Roman state. The worst of them was the third and was under the command of Spartacus, a gladiator. Furthermore, in 91 BC, social war broke out over dissent between Rome and Italy. Italy often contributed men in Rome’s military campaigns but received no rewards for their help contributed to the social wars. This led to them breaking away from Rome and becoming independent. Romans started also to wage wars with their previous allies too, like Jugurtha. In 111BC to 104 BC, the Jugurthine war became fought between Jugurtha of North Africa and Rome. Jugurtha became finally captured through treachery instead of a battle. In addition, we also had the wars between the Romans and the Carthaginians. The second Punic war involved Hannibal, a Carthaginian that attacked Rome. This had much impact on the Romans since they could not defeat Hannibal for 15 years. The Rome mastered and improved their military warfare after endless attempts in fighting with the great commander. It became the tactful help of a Roman, Scipio Africanus, that attackeds Carthege capital leading to the defeat of Hannibal in the battle of Zama. Internal unrest reached its peak as evidenced by two civil wars caused by Lucius Cornelius Sulla, a consul in the beginning of 82 BC. The Roman army led by Sulla overthrew the Republic and paved way to the founding of the Roman Empire. The new wealth generated social break down and led to political turmoil, which eventually led to collapse of the Republic. In fact, they had issue of people trying to kill those in power in order to overthrow them. For instance, the first Catiline’s conspiracy occurred when Catiline intended to slaughter the new counsels on the day of election and name himself as head of office. In addition, Tiberius Gracchus got killed due to his stand to pass a law that would leave the rich

Ponzi Scheme of Bernard Madoff Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ponzi Scheme of Bernard Madoff - Case Study Example The SEC embarked on an investigation in 2006 but concluded it in 2007 based on the finding that there were no proofs of fraud found. Nevertheless, Madoff was arrested on December 2008 and on March 2009 he officially confessed taking part in various crimes. He was sentenced to a 150-year imprisonment. The ethical issues in the Madoff case obviously concern fraud, defined as â€Å"any purposeful communication that deceives, manipulates, or conceals facts in order to create a false impression.† Apparently, Madoff offered false hopes to potential investors and gave fabricated investment reports or financial statements. He encouraged large investors to put money in his investment machine by using his established image as a reliable, esteemed, and successful businessman. Madoff is, particularly, guilty of consumer fraud, marketing fraud, and accounting fraud. He deceived potential investors for personal gain or, according to the investigators, to sustain the lavish lifestyle of his family, which is suggestive of consumer fraud. He committed marketing fraud by exaggerating possible returns on investment, which can also be called ‘puffery’, or implied falsity since he told potential investors that his investment machine will generate a steady source of profit but in fact, the returns come from the money of new investors which was risky. Lastly, he committed an accounting fraud by manipulating the financial statements of his company to avoid any detection of his wrongdoings. Madoff implicated educational, nonprofit, and charitable organizations by giving a contribution to them. Several of these organizations put money into the company of Madoff as a return of favor. His fraud forced a number of these organizations to shut down. The scandal also negatively influenced the public’s perception of investment companies.  

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Computer Science Essay

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Computer Science Essay Electronic mail as known as email is a function of sending and received message over the internet. Basically, protocol is a standard method use by sender or recipient to transmit information. It can also be explain by to deal with email, sender or recipient must access to mail server by a mail client to exchange information by using variety of protocol such as SMTP, POP and MIME. 1.2 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) SMTP is only use to send email, but not received email. SMTP provides a set of code that allow server to break up the email message to different parts of categories that can understand by the server and Its a kind of simplify the communication between server and email. For users, they can see the interface of their email software when writing an email message, but once the message has been send out on the internet, everything is change into string of text that can understand by the server. This string of text is separated by numbers and code words that used to identify the purpose of each section and SMTP provides these codes to let email server understand what they means. SMTP also can set up communication rules between the servers. For example, server can identify themselves and will announce what communication they are trying to perform and the other server will authorize and identify the operation, if something went wrong, the receiving server may reply an error message. The greater advantages of SMTP are simplicity and trustworthy. SMTP provides the simplest form of sending an email address between various computer and network. Users only need to enter recipients email address and type in email message to send and the email will go through a simple process from the SMTP to exchange server for the recipients computer. Since the SMTP is simple, email message can be sent quickly and easily. In addition, SMTP is trustworthy because when the outgoing message is not successfully sent, SMTP will keep trying to re-send the same email message until its successful. Since SMTP was created in the early of 1980s. SMTP was build according to basic concept of server communication, because of that SMTP consists of several disadvantages. In those days, Internet was only use by very close community that generally trusted each other, that cause SMTP has lax security holes. For example, it is easy to send email message with fake sender address. This also cause many email-based viruses spread over the internet. Although there have been improve has been made, but it can still cause problems. Most servers these days actually use an updated version of SMTP called Extended Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (ESMTP) that allow to sends pictures or music file through their email program. 1.3 Post Office Protocol (POP) Post Office Protocol (POP) is used to retrieve email from a central base where the email stored and designed to support offline email processing. When the email is delivered to the server, a remote email client will periodically download the messages from the server and filter them into appropriate users folder. Once the email has been received from the client, the message will be permanently deleted from the email server. One of the advantages of POP is once the email message is sent to the client, the message can be read immediately whether user is connected to the internet or not. Furthermore, POP is a very popular email protocol that all email clients can support it. There is a disadvantage of POP is inadequate for the mobile user. Because of email message is downloaded to recipient PC, the user will only able to access the message from one PC. According to this, POP may cause hazel and inconvenient for user to read message only from one PC. Diagram 1: POP email system 1.4 Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) MIME allows user to transfer image, sound, and program as non-text email format attachment in email across the internet. MIME was introduced to improve SMTP in order to send message other than ASCII characters through web client and web server. Now, MIME provides the following extension to email: Non-text attachment such as video, images, audios and other multimedia messages. Send multiple objects within a single message. Write header information in non-ASCII character sets. Write text with unlimited length. Character sets other than US-ACSII. Nowadays, almost every mail is transmitted using MIME format through SMTP. Content type that defined by MIME also benefits Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and other communication protocol in email transmission function. As MIME can support character sets other than 7-bit ASCII, languages based on other alphabets can be display correctly presented in a basic email. In turn, SMTP that only support 7-bit ASCII has the limit of languages display that only suitable for writing in English and other small number of language. Moreover, MIME allows user to send other type of information such as images, sounds videos and software program which was not possible to do so in earlier time. In additional, to identify the true nature of a file that is being used in transmission, MIME provides header information to client who received the transmission and selects the protocol to transmit data according to the header. Furthermore, to ensure non-text attachments will be transferred successfully with maximum protection, MIME used Base64 encoding to encode the non-text information into text when email transfer. Overall, these all explain the advantages of MIME bring to email user nowadays. Not surprisingly, there have been a numbers or disadvantage of MIME. For example, the encoding process of MIME may somehow increase the complexity of gateways because a 7-bit world has to encode 8-bit message. Furthermore, a multipart message could lead to passing same data to decode several time. Nevertheless, it now has to pass only the lower-level parts to encode rather than whole message to reduce troublesome. 2.0 How to apply the SMTP and MIME with ASP.NET 2.1 Requirements to use SMTP and MIME The following is the requirements to develop ASP.NET applications. The .NET Framework 2.0 A code-authoring environment A web server, such as Internet Information Services (IIS), and permission to write files to web server. To send email using SMTP server, fsocketopen function need to be enabled. Furthermore, Outgoing Traffic to port 25 by default or whichever port that use to connect to SMTP server must be allowed. Lastly, there must be a valid SMTP server to send email. If one of the above is not successful, errors message such as No connection, Unauthorized and Timed Out will be displayed. REQUIREMENT OF MIME 2.2 Steps on how to create apply and configure SMTP and MIME in ASP.NET project. 2.2.1 SMTP Open up the default.aspx code window from the project, and examine the code used to send an email. Include three imports in default.aspx to run the project and send email message. The application uses the System.Net.Mail libraries to format and send STMP based email message. Declare the variables used to contain information used in sending email. Code send buttons Click event handler, this handler capture users inputs from the page and assign to related variables, then format the message using the variable content. Server and port setting are extracted from the AppSettings contain in web.config file.

Free Great Gatsby Essays: East and West :: Great Gatsby Essays

The Division between East and West in The Great Gatsby  Ã‚   The division between East and West is a significant theme in The Great Gatsby. The author has projected the historical East/West division of the States on the division of class and society in the 20th century. The Mid-West, which represents the new territory of hope and the old pioneer spirit, corresponds to West Egg in New York. For Fitzgerald, there was a certain old-fashioned stability resting on the old, unchanging values and close relationships. Some of these values are: honesty, human respect, divinity, idealism, romanticism, faith, ambition, community, and other spiritual values which are all personified in Gatsby. The novel mirrors the East-West divide of the whole country in the division between West Egg and East Egg. Nick and Gatsby live on West Egg, which means that they have retained their closeness to western values. The Buchanans on the other hand have become Easterners, they represent the corruption of the East. The main characters, Daisy, Nick, Gatsby, and Tom are all from the Mid-west. While Tom and Daisy Buchanan live an East Egg, being attracted by its glamour, excitement and promise of success, Nick enjoys living on West Egg. He mentions the friendship between Mid-Westerners, who are brought together by their extremely long and cold winters (in contrast to the New York summers' heat). Nick's neighbor Gatsby is a wealthy person, who spends a lot of money giving parties for strangers only to meet Daisy, the dream of his life. He is seen as representing "new money" because he has no good education and no family background over several generations, he is self-made, invented by himself. For this reason, he is not accepted as being dignified enough to enter the exclusive "old money" upper class. Tom and Daisy are "old money", rich and from old established families living on East Egg, which the millionaires inhabit. The East symbolizes fashionable life, sophistication, the "modern society" and the land where anything can happen. This is the world of brutality, corruption, carelessness, materialism and failure of emotion. By moving to the East, the Buchanans lose contact with the deeper values. They are superficial, aimless, irresponsible, empty and lonely. They have no desires, their talks are meaningless and their spiritual values are forgotten or dumped. Another symbol of the East is the Centre of New York.